Questions
- General
- What is parasitism?
(answer)
- What is a parasite?
(answer)
- What is parasitology?
(answer)
- Why are viruses and bacteria
not parasites? (answer)
- What is the reason that in
general perasites do not kill their hosts?
- What different classes of
parasites do you know? (answer)
- What is the difference between
a temporary parasite and a facultative parasite? Give examples.
(answer)
- Which free-living amoebae may
cause a parasitic infection in man? (answer1,
answer2)
- Mention two infections in man
caused by a fungus. How can these infections be treated?
(answer)
- Discuss the different
mechanisms by which one can contract a parasitic infection.
(answer)
- Which organism is the natural
host of Giardia? (answer)
- What is a parasite reservoir?
(answer)
- What is a zoonosis?
(answer)
- What different kinds of
parasite do you know? Give examples. (answer)
- Mention a few harmfull effects
that may be caused by parasites. (answer)
- By which mechanisms do
parasites evade the immune response by their host?
(answer)
- What is prophylaxis? Give
examples. (answer)
- Describe the life cycle of
Trichomonas. (answer)
- Describe the life cycle of
Entamoeba histolytica and the symptoms of the disease
caused by this parasite. (answer)
- How can an infection by E.
histolytica be diagnosed? (answer)
- Trypanosomes (general)
- Describe the life-cycle stages
of the African trypanosome and indicate for each of them the
position of flagellum, kinetoplast and nucleus.
(answer)
- Mention a number of peculiar
aspects of trypanosomes not found in other organisms.
(answer)
- What is kinetoplast DNA or
kDNA? (answer)
- What do you know about RNA
editing in trypanosomes? (answer)
- kDNA has both mini and maxi
circles, what is the function of each? (answer)
- How is the expression of some
of the mitochondrial genes in trypanosomes regulated?
(answer)
- What is a so-called
dyskinetoplastic trypanosome? Give examples. (answer)
- Which trypanosome is sexually
transmitted? (answer)
- How are the trypanosomes of
equines and camels transmitted? (answer)
- Which trypanosomatids infect
plants. (answer)
- Give three ways how
trypanosomes manage to evade the host's immune response.
(answer)
- What is ablastin and how is it
involved inthe regulation of rodent trypanosomiasis?
(answer)
- What causes rodent
trypanosomiasis and how develops this disease?
(answer)
- What is a glycosome and what
is its function? (answer)
- African Trypanosomiasis and Sleeping
sickness
- Which are the parasites that
are responsible for African sleeping sickness and which are
their vectors? (answer)
- Describe the symptoms of
African sleeping sickness. (answer)
- Is there a difference between
T. brucei, T.rhodesiense and T. gambiense with respect to their
biology, and the disease(s) they cause? (answer)
- Give the names of the various
diseases caused by African trypanosomes both in humans and in
animals. (answer)
- Describe the nature
and the mechanisms
of antigenic variation in trypanosomes.
- What is the function of the
surface
glycoprotein of the
African trypanosome? (answer)
- What is a VAT and how many are
estimated to be there? (answer)
- How does the tsetse fly
influence health and nutrition in Africa? (answer)
- Describe how sleeping sickness
can be diagnosed. (answer)
- How should sleeping sickness
be treated? (answer)
- Which are the drugs in use for
the treatment of animal trypanosomiasis? (answer)
- Tell what you know about the
possibilities for tsetse control. (answer)
- Which are the tsetse vectors
for east and west African human trypanosomiasis?
(answer)
- Chagas' disease
- Which parasite is responsible
for American trypanosomiasis and which is its
vector?
- In which of the South-American
countries has one succeeded to interrupt transmission of the
disease?
- Why should the use of
Nifurtimox and Beznidazole as drugs of choice be avoided in
cases of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency?
- What kind of prophylactic
measures can be taken to reduce the transmission of Chagas
disease in endemic areas?
- What can be said about the
treatment of late stage Chagas disease ?
- What is the reason that a
vaccine based on whole killed parasites or on attenuated
parasite strains cannot be developed?
- What is the purpose of the use
of Gentian or Crystal violet in the case of Chagas'
disease?
- What are the life cycle stages
of Trypanosoma cruzi and where are they found?
- Explain why the symptoms of
Chagas' disease and Sleeping sickness are so different while
the two parasites are so closely related.
- What is the difference between
early and late stage Chagas' disease?
- What are the measures that
have been taken to reduce or interrupt the transmisssion of
Chagas' disease in South and Central America?
- Is it possible to eredicate
Chagas' disease in South America?
- Which are the measures that
have been taken to interrupt Chagas' disease transmission in
large parts of South America?
- What are the best ways to
diagnose an infection with Trypanosoma cruzi?
- What are the drugs that are
available for the treatment of Chagas' disease? When and in
which stage of the disease are they effective and what is their
presumed mode of action?
- Is it possible to develop a
vaccine against Chagas' disease and what kind of vaccine woud
you use?
- What is the reason that the
existing drugs for Chagas' disease such as Lampit and Radanil
often do not lead to a cure?
- What are the symptoms and what
is the explanation for the development of the chronic phase of
Chagas' disease
- Which are the prophylactic
measures available for Chagas' disease.
- What is the mode of action of
the drug allopurinol.
- What is meant with the
therapeutic window of a drug.
- Leishmaniasis
- What is Kala azar and where
does it occur and what is its prevalence? (answer)
- Which are the live-cycle
stages of Leishmania and where do they survive?
- What are the clinical
manifestations of leishmaniasis and where do they
occur?
- Which are the mechanisms
Leishmania amastigotes have at their disposal in order to
survive inside the macrophage?
- What is the common mode of
action of many anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal
drugs?
- Which conditions or which
treatments may suddenly trigger the outburst of a Leishmania
infection?
- Which kind of immunological
response may provide protection against leishmaniasis
?
- What is the justification for
the development of an anti-leishmania vaccine?
- What is the function of BCG in
vaccination?
- What is an adjuvant? Give some
examples of an adjuvant.
- Why are the prospects for the
use of live attenuated leishmania vaccines not
good?
- What is the montenegro test in
Leishmaniasis?
- Which are the major organs
affected by viceral leishmaniasis or kala azar
(answer)
- Mention a number of possible
causes for the appearance of drug resistance (answer)
- Where are up to 70% of
Leishmania cases non-responsive to antimonial treatment?
(answer)
- Malaria
- Which mosquito-borne infection
kills an estimated 1 million people each year?
(answer)
- Describe the different
life-cycle stages of Plasmodium parasites. (answer)
- `What is so-called airport
malaria? (aswer)
- Which are the human species of
Plasmodium that cause malaria in man? (answer)
- What is the prevalence
(answer)
of malaria and where (answer)
does the disease occur?
- By what mechanisms can malaria
be transmitted (answer)?
- What are tertian and quartan
fever? (answer)
- What is a hypnozoite and what
are its implications for disease treatment? (answer)
- Which immunological mechanisms
are important in immunity towards malaria? (answer)
- Why is P. malariae
causing the most persistent of all malaria infections in
humans? (answer)
- When a traveller uses
chloroquine as chemoprophylaxis against malaria, for what
period of time should the drug be used and why?
- What are the prospects for the
development of an effective anti-malaria vaccine?
(answer)
- How is it possible to reduce
the risks of the development of resistance in the use of
malaria prophylaxis and treatment?
- Certain antibiotics normally
used for the treatment of bacterial infections seem to have an
effect on the development of the malaria parasite. How can this
be explained?
- How wide-spread is drug
resistance in the case of malaria, (answer)
- What is the most effective way
of protection against malaria?
- Babesiosis
- Is babesiosis a major threat
to the health of the human population?
- What is the vector of
babesiosis and what are the host organisms?
- With what other parasitic
disease is babesiosis often confonded?
- Which are the measures
available for the control of babesiosis of both cattle and of
humans?
- Is there a vaccine against
babesiosis and if yes, what kind of a vaccine?
- Which are the drugs
recommended for use in babsesiosis in cattle and in
humans?
- How is babesiosis
diagnosed?
- What are the symptoms of
babesiosis?
- Why is babesiosis easily
misdiagnosed as malaria?
- Schistosomiasis
- What is the difference between
a nematode and a trematode?
- What is the origin of the name
Bilharziosis?
- Give the different subspecies
of Schistosoma responsible for disease in man, the regions
where they occur and the specific symptoms they
cause.
- Describe the life cycle of
Schistosoma mansoni
- How many eggs and how many
cerceria are being produced per day and per schistosome
unit?
- Give an indication of the
prevalence of bilharziosis?
- What is the intermediate host
of Schistosoma haematobium?
- How is Schistosomiasis
diagnosed?
- Why do circulating antibodies
only affcet to the schistosomula stage and not to the adult
stage of the worm?
- Which are the collective
prophylactic measures to be taken to prevent the spreading of
Bilharziosis?
- Which are the individual
prophylactic measures that can be taken to avoid infection with
schistosomes?
- Which are the drugs available
to treat schistosomiasis and what is their mode of
action?
- Why is praziquantel not
effective in travellers?
- Is there already a vaccine for
schistosomiasis?
- Lymphatic
filariasis/Onchocerciasis
- Which are the major parasites
responsible for human lymphatic filariasis?
- Which parasite is responsible
for river blindness?
- What are the sizes of the
different developmental stages of the worms?
- Give another name for the
adult and the larval stages?
- Which are the vector(s) for
river blindness?
- Which are the vector(s) for
lymphatic filariasis?
- Explain the importance of
nocturnal microfilaraemia for transmission.
- What is the longevity of
filarial worms?
- Where occurs lymphatic
filariasis and what is its prevalence?
- What causes the symptoms of
elephantiasis?
- How can the adult worms
causing elephantiasis rapidly be localized in the
body?
- How should elephantiasis be
treated?
- What are the prophylactic
measures to be taken in the case of lymphatic
filariasis?
- What is the difference in
action between suramin and ivermectine in the case of
filariasis?
- Describe the symptoms of
onchocerciasis
- What is the impact of
onchocerciasis on the population?
- What are the prophylactic
measures to be taken in the case of river
blindness?
- What are the advantages and
disadvantages of the use of ivermectine in
filariasis?
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Last updated: 9 December 2000
created by :Fred
Opperdoes
